From Retail Craze to Institutional Frontier

For years, the global crypto ecosystem viewed South Korea through a singular, hyper-volatile lens: the Kimchi Premium. It was a market defined by insomniac retail day traders pushing token prices to extreme markups over global averages. Today, that narrative is rapidly decaying.

Driving this shift is Factblock CEO and Korea Blockchain Week organizer Andrew Park. A two-decade veteran of traditional finance before entering Web3, Park previously held executive roles at Seoul Guarantee Insurance, Woori Card, JPMorgan Chase, Visa, and American Express.

From his vantage point, bridging legacy banking and digital assets, South Korea is quietly shedding its image as a speculative retail sandbox to become a hub and testing ground for institutional digital finance.

The clearest evidence of Korea’s evolution, according to Park, is not found in exchange trading volumes, but in the boardroom queries coming from overseas.

“A few years ago, global companies coming to Korea were mostly focused on tokens, exchanges, and market prices,” Park said. “Today, the questions are different. Global financial institutions and companies are asking about custody, tokenization, stablecoins, payment and settlement infrastructure, regulation, and how to enter the Korean market. I think the fact that the conversation itself has changed is an important signal that the nature of the market is changing as well.”

This shift reflects a fundamental change in how global capital perceives the region. Where international projects once treated Seoul as a high-liquidity venue to list assets and offload inventory onto retail buyers, global banks, custodians and asset managers now view the country as a jurisdiction ready for enterprise deployment. The dialogue has moved from speculative yield to market access, legal framework compliance and institutional custody — the structural baseline of traditional capital markets.

The Quiet Grind of Back-Office Infrastructure

While crypto markets routinely feast on major regulatory headlines and sudden speculative surges, Park emphasizes that true institutionalization isn’t forged in volatile rallies. Instead, it is built through a quiet, unglamorous grind — a methodical, step-by-step resolution of back-office friction, regulatory compliance and market infrastructure.

“Institutional markets are not created by one major announcement,” Park said. “They emerge when less glamorous issues such as account access, custody, payments and settlements, accounting, and compliance begin to get resolved one by one. In Korea, those foundations are now starting to move at the same time.”

That unglamorous plumbing is being installed across multiple regulatory and policy fronts. To illustrate, the Financial Services Commission has laid out a framework to open corporate virtual asset accounts to approximately 3,500 listed companies and registered professional investors.

Furthermore, amendments to the Electronic Securities Act and the Capital Markets Act were formally passed by the National Assembly, bringing tokenized real-world assets and security tokens into a unified statutory framework. For its part, the Bank of Korea has completed initial trials for its real-world deposit token initiatives — part of Project Hangang — setting the stage for second-phase institutional testing.

Rather than waiting for a single, sweeping digital asset law, South Korea is building institutional liquidity by solving tedious back-office realities: legally final settlement, accounting definitions and institutional custody.

Park’s tenure across JPMorgan Chase, Visa and Samsung Card gives him a nuanced view of the friction points slowing down convergence between Wall Street, Yeouido (Seoul’s financial district) and Web3. While crypto founders often dismiss legacy banks as technologically inept or deliberately slow, Park points out that banking software is built around a fundamentally different set of operational priorities.

“Crypto tends to misunderstand banks. Banks are not slow simply because they do not understand technology,” Park explained. “In traditional finance, what often matters most is not the 99% of transactions that work normally, but what happens in the remaining 1%. Who is responsible when fraud occurs? What happens when a payment fails? How are capital and liquidity managed? What must be reported to regulators? Those issues all have to be designed into the system.”

The Machine-to-Machine Economy: AI Meets On-Chain Settlement

Conversely, traditional financiers frequently suffer from an opposite form of tunnel vision: evaluating digital assets purely through the prism of price volatility. By focusing strictly on market risk, legacy institutions often miss the systemic utility of 24-hour global settlement networks, programmable money and smart-contract-driven clearing architectures.

In Park’s view, the future of institutional finance in Korea will neither belong to Web3 startups trying to replace traditional banks, nor to conservative financial institutions ignoring public blockchains. Instead, it will belong to the bridges that can manage that 1% failure rate on-chain.

Looking beyond tokenized securities and bank-led stablecoins, Park sees South Korea’s next major milestone taking shape at the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and programmable rails.

“What I am most interested in is the infrastructure required for a machine-to-machine economy, particularly an environment in which AI agents can transact and make payments autonomously,” Park said. “If an AI agent needs to pay another agent or a service, it needs a wallet and a payment method… In an environment where large numbers of AI agents purchase data, consume computing resources, and make small real-time payments, there may be areas where existing payment infrastructure becomes inefficient. That is one reason stablecoins and onchain payments could become important use cases.”

This theoretical shift is already seeing early-stage testing. In technical experiments surrounding the Bank of Korea‘s central bank initiatives, researchers tested agentic AI models utilizing wholesale deposit tokens to execute automated, conditional transactions. With South Korea boasting near-ubiquitous high-speed connectivity, deep digital literacy, and aggressive investments in both Web3 infrastructure and AI development, the peninsula is uniquely positioned.

The next evolution of Korea’s market will not just be about institutional traders buying digital assets — it will be about autonomous software agents using on-chain settlement rails as their default monetary network.